Saturation-based theorem provers are typically
based on a calculus consisting of inference and
reduction rules that operate on sets of clauses.
While inference rules produce new clauses,
reduction rules allow the removal or simplification
of redundant clauses and are an essential
ingredient for efficient implementations.
The power of reduction rules can be further amplified
by the use of the splitting rule, which is based
on explicit case analysis on variable-disjoint components
of clauses.
In my Master thesis, I give a formalization of splitting
and backtracking for first-order logic using a
labelling scheme that annotates clauses and clause
sets with additional information, and I prove soundness
and completeness results for the corresponding calculus.
The backtracking process as formalized here generalizes
optimizations that are currently being used,
and I present the results of integrating the improved
backtracking into the SPASS theorem prover.