The key observation is that the complexity of this sorting problem depends on the interleaving of the long and short keys in the final sorted order, and the lower and upper bounds are parameterized by the final interleaving.
The sorting lower bound consists of two terms based on sorting keys of equal lengths, and a third term based on a batched searching problem---Placement of Long Elements(PLE). In the PLE problem, the objective is to place each long element between its predecessor and successor short element. The PLE lower bounds are the main results.